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Cosmology

Origins of the Universe
Last post 04-11-2009 10:44 PM by Kevin Bozard. 169 replies.
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  • 05-10-2008 09:08 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    Harry Costas:
    Despite the widespread acceptance of the big bang theory as a working model for interpreting new findings, not a single important prediction of the theory has yet been confirmed ...

    OK, right, and the Nobel Prize committees who have awarded at least two Nobel Prizes for (a) discovery and (b) confirmation (and improvement of resolution in measuring) of the CMB are a bunch of uninformed idiots, right?

     

    Signature
    The universe is not only stranger than we imagine, it's stranger than we CAN imagine. --- JBS Haldane
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  • 05-10-2008 07:09 PM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

     The CMB may be leftover, cooled radiation from the BB -or- it may simply be the current temp of the universe. If we determine later that the universe is too old for the CMB to be leftover (without raising the initial temps to compensate) then we will have to find out what the CMB really means.

    Nobel prizes have to be awarded for something and the CMB was picked. Whether it has been correctly evaluated remains to be seen. 

    The current model has many such areas including inflationary epoch (previously discussed) that allow the modern inquisition to change numbers in the equations to keep the BB theory alive. 2 + 2 = 4 today but later when it equals 5 we will simply change one of the 2's to a 3  so we are correct.

    Bottom line here...

    WE STILL DO NOT KNOW A THING ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE !

    Cheers,

    BQ 

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  • 05-10-2008 11:54 PM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    Hello Chipp

     

    You will need to do your own research on that.

    No they are not idiots. 

    They gave the prize on what they thought was evidence.

    Now that it has been disproved and in dispute, they have egg on their faces.

    But!!!!!! do not take my word for it, research it 

     

     

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  • 05-11-2008 11:49 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    Harry Costas:

    Now that it has been disproved and in dispute, they have egg on their faces.


    It has not been disproved.  Nor is it really in dispute.

    Something can be questioned yet not disproved. You or others may have alternative explanations. If those stand the tests as well as the current model, then something needs fixing (one, or the other). I can certainly agree that as new date becomes available, the conclusions reached on prior evidence may need changing, but that hardly invalidates the prior observations. I am not aware of any current research -- including the links you have posted -- that seriously questions the validity of the CMB data. Conclusions based on that data, sure, but not the data itself.

     

    Signature
    The universe is not only stranger than we imagine, it's stranger than we CAN imagine. --- JBS Haldane
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  • 05-11-2008 11:52 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    brooksquest:

    WE STILL DO NOT KNOW A THING ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE !

    While I respect your right to your opinion, I respectfully suggest that the above shout is just that: an opinion.

    A lot depends on how you define "know", but cosmologists today have many tools to employ in research the origins of the universe. Using those tools over the past few decades, they have confirmed many parts of what we call the standard model: the Big Bang Theory. Using those same tools, they have found other parts of the theory to question.

    That is not the same as saying we know "not a thing."

    Signature
    The universe is not only stranger than we imagine, it's stranger than we CAN imagine. --- JBS Haldane
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  • 05-11-2008 07:12 PM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe


    My "shout" was not an opinion. It is a clear truth about what we "know" about the "origin" of the universe. Observations can only take us back so far. The current model takes us back to a cosmic egg of some sort which cannot be explained at all, can't be defined clearly and can't be located even if reverse expansion could give it a location. The BBT gives us a possible explanation for everything after the origin. The origin itself is still a mystery. This is what I shouted and whether we want to admit it or not, it is true.

    Cheers,

    BQ 

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  • 05-12-2008 04:23 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    Hello Brooksquest

    You said

     The BBT gives us a possible explanation for everything after the origin. The origin itself is still a mystery. This is what I shouted and whether we want to admit it or not, it is true.

    ========================================================= 

    As for CMB

    WMAP Analysis of the
    Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy
    Flawed due to Incorrect Beam Profile
    http://www.physicsmyths.org.uk/wmap.htm

    =============================================
    http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0508/02background/

    Quote:
    New cosmic look may cast doubts on big bang theory
    UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA NEWS RELEASE
    Posted: August 2, 2005

    A new analysis of 'cool' spots in the cosmic microwave background may cast new doubts on a key piece of evidence supporting the big bang theory of how the universe was formed.

    Two scientists at The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) looked for but couldn't find evidence of gravitational "lensing" where you might expect to find it, in the most distant light source in the universe -- the cosmic microwave background.

    Results of this research by Dr. Richard Lieu, a UAH physics professor, and Dr. Jonathan Mittaz, a UAH research associate, were published Monday in the "Astrophysical Journal."



    ===============================================

    Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
    http://www.astronomynotes.com/cosmolgy/s5.htm

    Quote:
    The early large expansion rate and very high temperatures made Fred Hoyle (lived 1915 - 2001) call this theory of the birth of the universe, the Big Bang. At the time he coined the term, Hoyle was advocating another theory that used the perfect cosmological principle called the Steady State theory. So at the time, Hoyle's "Big Bang" term was made in joking disdain. However, the Big Bang proponents liked the term and used it from then on.


     

    Quote:
    Observation
    Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson observed in 1965 a radio background source that was spread all over the universe---the cosmic microwave background radiation. The radiation has the same intensity and spectral character as a thermal continuous source at 3 K (more precisely, 2.728 ± 0.004 K) as measured by the COBE satellite in every direction observed. To a high degree of precision the sky is uniformly bright in radio. The uniformity of the background radiation is evidence for the cosmological principle. The error bars in the figure below are too small to be seen.


     

    Quote:
    Interpretation
    This background radiation is interpreted to be the relic of the early universe. If this is correct, then the early universe was very uniform. Since the further out in space you look means the further back in time you look, the microwave radiation is coming from the universe as it was a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang when the universe was much hotter. The glow from the early hot universe has been redshifted by 1000 times! Hoyle's Steady State theory could not adequately explain the presence of the background radiation and so was abandoned by most astronomers.
    Let's take a closer look at what was happening in the universe when it produced the background radiation. The early universe (both the matter and the radiation) was much more compact. The radiation density was so great that it dominated the expansion rate and the conditions of the universe for the first 10,000 years. Remember Einstein's equation relating energy and mass? The energy E=mc2 so the radiation energy had a definite gravitational effect!

    The early universe was hot and opaque (photons could not move very far before being absorbed). The freely-moving electrons, protons, and neutrons scattered the photons all about making the dense gas opaque. Dense hot gases will produce a continuous spectrum that depends only on the temperature (a thermal spectrum). The universe cooled off as it expanded. Eventually, the early universe cooled to where the electrons and protons could combine to form neutral hydrogen atoms and not be blown apart by energetic photons. The process of the electrons becoming bound to the protons to make atoms is called recombination. Okay, "recombination" is not really correct since this was the first time that the electrons combined with the protons, but the term also describes processes that occur today. Extrapolating the expansion rate and the temperature of the universe backward in time, one finds that at the temperature of 3000 K, the universe was about 380,000 years old.



    =============================================

    Nobel Prize awarded to Big Bang proponents as evidence vanishes
    http://metaresearch.org/publications...rb06cp8.asp#T1

    Quote:
    As this issue was going to press in early October, the Nobel Prizes for 2006 were announced. The prize in physics was awarded to John C. Mather and George F. Smoot for the discovery of the blackbody character of the microwave radiation in space with the COBE satellite. The significance of this finding, according to the citation, read as follows:

    “The COBE results provided increased support for the Big Bang scenario for the origin of the universe, as this is the only scenario that predicts the kind of cosmic microwave background radiation measured by COBE. These measurements also marked the inception of cosmology as a precise science.”


    Our regular members and readers will recall that the simplest explanation of the microwave radiation is the “temperature of space”, as correctly calculated by Eddington in 1926 and verified with greater accuracy by later authors: 2.8°K. This is the minimum temperature that anything bathed in the radiation of distant starlight can reach. No Big Bang proponent ever came close to predicting the correct temperature of this radiation, its dipolar asymmetry, or the tiny size of its fluctuations.


    A glance at our article "The top 30 problems with the big bang" shows 30 of the ever-increasing list (now over 50) of fatal problems for the Big Bang theory. The article is replete with citations, including those for both correct and incorrect microwave temperature predictions. [MRB 11:5-13 (2002);

    http://metaresearch.org/cosmology/BB-top-30.asp
    ; Apeiron 9 (2002):
    http://redshift.vif.com/JournalFiles...F/V09N2tvf.PDF


    Quote:
    As if that were not bad enough, the following new results about the microwave radiation were just released in September. http://www.physorg.com/news76314500.html
    ; ApJ 648:176 (2006)]. “The apparent absence of shadows from galaxy clusters where shadows were expected to be is raising new questions about the faint glow of microwave radiation once hailed as proof that the universe was created by a ‘Big Bang.’ In a finding sure to cause controversy, scientists at the University of Alabama in Huntsville found a lack of evidence of shadows from ‘nearby’ clusters of galaxies using new, highly accurate measurements of the cosmic microwave background. … Up to now, all the evidence that the microwave radiation originated from as far back in time as the Big Bang fireball has been circumstantial. However, if you see a shadow, it means the radiation comes from behind the cluster. If you don't see a shadow, then you have something of a problem


    ================================================== ======

    Temperature of Space
    http://thunderbolts.info/tpod/2005/a...5spacetemp.htm

    Quote:
    The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is popularly believed to prove the Big Bang. That proof is spot on—if you allow a big enough spot. One of the first predictions was that it would indicate a "temperature of space" of 5 Kelvin (5K). That prediction was revised upward until it reached 50K shortly before the CMBR was discovered. When the discovery measured it to be only 2.7K, the Big Bang proponents claimed it and ignored the size of the spot required to cover the gap.

    They also ignored a long history of other predictions from other theories that required much tinier spots. In 1896, Charles Edouard Guillaume predicted a temperature of 5.6K from heating by starlight. Arthur Eddington refined the calculations in 1926 and predicted a temperature of 3K. Regener predicted 2.8 in 1933.


    ==============================================
    Big Bang's Afterglow Fails an Intergalactic Shadow Test
    The apparent absence of shadows where shadows were expected to be is raising new questions about the faint glow of microwave radiation once hailed as proof that the universe was created by a "Big Bang."

    http://www.physorg.com/news76314500.html

    Quote:
    A team of UAH scientists led by Dr. Richard Lieu, a professor of physics, used data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) to scan the cosmic microwave background for shadows caused by 31 clusters of galaxies.

    What is TRUTH?

     

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  • 05-12-2008 08:09 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    I repeat:

    Something can be questioned yet not disproved. You or others may have alternative explanations. If those stand the tests as well as the current model, then something needs fixing (one, or the other). I can certainly agree that as new date becomes available, the conclusions reached on prior evidence may need changing, but that hardly invalidates the prior observations. I am not aware of any current research -- including the links you have posted -- that seriously questions the validity of the CMB data. Conclusions based on that data, sure, but not the data itself.

    The conclusions have been questioned, not disproved.

    The evidence itself stands, awaiting additional research.

    Time will tell, one way or the other.

    Signature
    The universe is not only stranger than we imagine, it's stranger than we CAN imagine. --- JBS Haldane
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  • 05-12-2008 05:20 PM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    Part of the "standard model" is the cosmological principle which assumes that the universe cannot have an edge. Jeff, what are your thoughts? I know you do not believe in universal infinity but the current standard model assumes it even though the BBT would imply some limit.

    Why would the CMB have to be red-shifted gamma rays? Why couldn't microwaves be there "as is". This would help aliens with popcorn, huh?

    Also, you stated below that "as new date becomes available" ...

    I do not see what social bonding has to do with this thread unless you meant "data". I mention this "in fun" because, well, you know...

    Cheers,

    BQ 

     

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  • 05-13-2008 02:10 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    brooksquest:

    Part of the "standard model" is the cosmological principle which assumes that the universe cannot have an edge. Jeff, what are your thoughts? I know you do not believe in universal infinity but the current standard model assumes it even though the BBT would imply some limit.

    I remember discussing that here somewhere/somewhen once before, but do not remember the thread precisely. Anyway, there is very strong evidence at cosmic scales that the cosmological principle applies. It certainly does not apply at smaller scales (even at galaxy supercluster scales). I'm speaking here of the statement of the principle that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when averaged over cosmic scales. The simplest form of this statement is that there is no preferred location or direction in the Universe. I can live with that quite happily!

    Invoking such principles often help focus our thinking in working through other issues. They're often later proved incorrect, in whole or in part ...

    Why would the CMB have to be red-shifted gamma rays? Why couldn't microwaves be there "as is". This would help aliens with popcorn, huh?

    Yep, well the problem with having a diffuse background that appears everywhere (in every direction) we look, and that is generally the same everywhere we look, is explaining where it came from. If it is not red-shifted from earlier eras, then how long has it been here and/or how is it sustained if it is continually renewed (if it's not red-shifted, then it's naturally the frequency we observe, so what mechanism is involved?) ... ??

    Also, you stated below that "as new date becomes available" ...

    I do not see what social bonding has to do with this thread unless you meant "data". I mention this "in fun" because, well, you know...

    Good catch: That's an example of thinking too slowly and typing too quickly (sometimes called "leaning out over one's ski tips") ...

    Signature
    The universe is not only stranger than we imagine, it's stranger than we CAN imagine. --- JBS Haldane
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  • 05-14-2008 07:37 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    G'day

    It seems that the standard model cannot be questioned.

    and yet

    The standard model has no conrete evidence, but! for some to claim evidence for it.

    At the end of the day the working parts of the universe hold the key to the ongoing reycling process.

     

     

     

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  • 07-17-2008 04:19 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    G'day from the land of ozzzzzzz

    This maybe of interest to some.

     
    http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0208086
    Bouncing and cyclic universes in the charged AdS bulk background
    Authors: Y.S. Myung
    (Submitted on 13 Aug 2002)

     

    Quote:

    Abstract: We study bouncing and cyclic universes from an (n+1)-dimensional brane in the (n+2)-dimensional charged AdS bulk background. In the moving domain wall (MDW) approach this picture is clearly realized with a specified bulk configuration, the 5D charged topological AdS (CTAdS_5) black hole with mass M and charge Q. The bulk gravitational dynamics induces the 4D Friedmann equations with CFT-radiation and exotic stiff matters for a dynamic brane. This provides bouncing universes for k=0, -1 and cyclic universe for k=1, even though it has an exotic stiff matter from the charge Q. In this work we use the other of the Binetruy-Deffayet-Langlos (BDL) approach with the bulk Maxwell field. In this case we are free to determine the corresponding mass M-tilde and charge Q-tilde because the mass term is usually included as an initial condition and the charge is given by an unspecified solution to the Maxwell equation under the BDL metric. Here we obtain only bouncing universes if one does not choose two CTAdS_5 black holes as the bulk spacetime. We provide a way of avoiding the exotic matter on the brane by introducing an appropriate local matter. Finally we discuss an important relation between the exotic holographic matter and Lorentz invariance violation.

     

     
    http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0206287
    Topological defects: A problem for cyclic universes?
    Authors: P.P. Avelino (1,2), C.J.A.P. Martins (1,3,4), C. Santos (2), E.P.S. Shellard (3) ((1) CAUP, Porto; (2) DF-FCUP, Porto; (3) DAMTP, Cambridge; (4) IAP, Paris)
    (Submitted on 17 Jun 2002 (v1), last revised 31 Aug 2003 (this version, v2))

     

    Quote:

    Abstract: We study the behaviour of cosmic string networks in contracting universes, and discuss some of their possible consequences. We note that there is a fundamental time asymmetry between defect network evolution for an expanding universe and a contracting universe. A string network with negligible loop production and small-scale structure will asymptotically behave during the collapse phase as a radiation fluid. In realistic networks these two effects are important, making this solution only approximate. We derive new scaling solutions describing this effect, and test them against high-resolution numerical simulations. A string network in a contracting universe, together with the gravitational radiation background it has generated, can significantly affect the dynamics of the universe both locally and globally. The network can be an important source of radiation, entropy and inhomogeneity. We discuss the possible implications of these findings for bouncing and cyclic cosmological models.

     

    http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0206138
    Cosmological Perturbations Through a General Relativistic Bounce
    Authors: Christopher Gordon, Neil Turok
    (Submitted on 17 Jun 2002 (v1), last revised 29 Nov 2002 (this version, v2))

     

    Quote:

    Abstract: The ekpyrotic and cyclic universe scenarios have revived the idea that the density perturbations apparent in today's universe could have been generated in a `pre-singularity' epoch before the big bang. These scenarios provide explicit mechanisms whereby a scale invariant spectrum of adiabatic perturbations may be generated without the need for cosmic inflation, albeit in a phase preceding the hot big bang singularity. A key question they face is whether there exists a unique prescription for following perturbations through the bounce, an issue which is not yet definitively settled. This goal of this paper is more modest, namely to study a bouncing Universe model in which neither General Relativity nor the Weak Energy Condition is violated. We show that a perturbation which is pure growing mode before the bounce does not match to a pure decaying mode perturbation after the bounce. Analytical estimates of when the comoving curvature perturbation varies around the bounce are given. It is found that in general it is necessary to evaluate the evolution of the perturbation through the bounce in detail rather than using matching conditions.

     

     

     

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  • 07-18-2008 02:35 PM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    The temperature of space proponents have their own problems that are much more difficult to deal with than the BB problems.  THe anistrophy is tiny,  hardly measurable, yet the distribution of matter in the  universe is much lumpier.  so where did the cmb photons come from?  they had to have been emitted from matter (space does not emit photons) in an epoch when the matter distribution was much more uniform than today.   When was this?  what did the universe look like then?  a milky white dust epoch?  where were the stars that heated the dust /?  how could they form when matter was so uniform? 

    The predictions of deep space temperatures based onstar glow did not predict the cmb.  it only predicted the temperature of blackbodies in deep space.  since deep space matter has random motion the map of predicted radiation would have the local motion of the deep space dust showing up as red and blue shifts in the map.  Again...more anistrophy!  A space temperature based cmb map prediction would be far more in error from the measured reality than the BB predictive errors. 

     These questions have to be asked .  Throwing the baby out with the bath though seems a little extreme.  THere seems to be more cherry picking the data going on with BB bashers than with BB proponents IMHO.

    Cheers

    PH

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  • 07-19-2008 03:44 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    G'day from the land of ozzzzzzz

     

    Some prefer to think of an ORIGIN and thats ok.

    In my opinion, an origin is not required. A cyclic process does the trick. That means the universe is endless in time, space and matter, reycling from one form to another. This we can observe in star formation phases and the evolution of galaxy form that is dependent on the size and activity of the Nucleon that some call black holes.

    But! Man being Man, we need some form of origin or God to create everything.  

     

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  • 07-19-2008 08:29 PM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    Harry Costas:

    In my opinion, an origin is not required. A cyclic process does the trick. That means the universe is endless in time, space and matter, reycling from one form to another. This we can observe in star formation phases and the evolution of galaxy form that is dependent on the size and activity of the Nucleon that some call black holes.

    But! Man being Man, we need some form of origin or God to create everything.  

    Hi Harry,

    A cyclic universe is still possible with the BB.  Unlike your vision The BB  just has the frustrating effect of wiping the slate clean every cycle!  What to call the Beginning is quite elusive if there have been many BBs.  Time is after all part of the geometry of space so time is all compressed into the singularity with everything else. 

     Because we are part of the universe and observe temporaly we are as you say obsessed with "a beginning".  I suspect as the nature of time is unraveled in the future (in the context of GR) we will find that time as we are speaking of it in this thread is really just a characteristic of the way humans observe things.  THat is... forward and backward in time in the fundamental reality, not encumbered with our biology and the way we interact with our instuments will be found to be no different than back and forth in any of the other dimensions.  If this is the case then pointing your finger in a random direction and asking where that dimension begins may be essentially the same question as "when did everything start?".  In this I think we agree.

     In the 1940s and 50s, Einsteins friend Goedel used the  GR equations to show that in some physically possible systems time could go backwards.  His philosophical take (He was primarily a logician and philosopher rather than a physicist) was that this was evidence that time does not actually exist but is instead a human invention.  Because Goedel's paper was a cross dicipline paper it carried less weight than  it might have but it still had significant repercussions in the physics community (and provoked some late night discussions between Einstein and his friend!).  I don't think that Goedel space has ever been proven impossible although Einstein thought it abstract enough that it would not produce an observed paradox.

    PH

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  • 07-20-2008 06:23 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    G'day from the land of ozzzzzzzzz

     Time is a measure of motion. It defines the 4th dimension. Other than that, we cannot change it, control it, go into the past or the future.

    We can measure time by varies means and if these means are affected in any way than the relative time is affected and not the actual time.

    Eg: Going close to a compacted object that has extreme gravitational and electromagnetic fields would alter the speed of EMR and in extreme cases such as the theoretical black holes would prevent the EMR from escaping and therefore affect the communication via EMR(light).

    Origins or the ongoings of the universe can only be explained by observations of the workings of stars and galaxies.

     

     

     

     

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  • 07-20-2008 11:19 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    I am not as knowledgeable as you all when it comes to the books you have read and the research you have done. It seems perrty simple to me that light has always filled the great void of darkness and the universe is both expanding and contracting. I believe the universe go's on forever, there was no beginning and there is no end. Our Planet came about form a big bang along with the solar system and our Sun, which came from a super nova or collapsed BH that started, a new formation of young stars, one being our Sun and all the dust, gas, and matter around the Sun formed Our Solar System. Or a collapsed BH which brought forth a hole new galaxy or maybe two or three. As one of you all said the "recycling process".  That which was, is what we see now, what we see now will always be. It will come maybe with a different name, form, look etc. The Universe is infinite, we might change but it will remain the same, always here, just like it has always been. My theory and thoughts on the subject, my two cents.

     

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  • 07-20-2008 06:27 PM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    G'day from the land of ozzz

    Keep reading, giving opinions is OK, but you need info to back it up. 

     

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  • 07-26-2008 07:29 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    G'day from the land of ozzzzzzzz

    Scientific information needs to be read.

    http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph?papernum=0509630
    Research on candidates for non-cosmological redshifts
    Authors: M. Lopez-Corredoira, C. M. Gutierrez
    (Submitted on 21 Sep 2005 (v1), last revised 26 Sep 2005 (this version, v2))
    Abstract: (Abridged:) The paradox of apparent optical associations of galaxies with very different redshifts, the so-called anomalous redshift problem, is around 35 years old, but is still without a clear solution and is surprisingly ignored by most of the astronomical community. Statistical correlations among the positions of these galaxies have been pointed out by several authors. Gravitational lensing by dark matter has been proposed as the cause of these correlations, although this seems to be insufficient to explain them and does not work at all for correlations with the brightest and nearest galaxies. Some of these cases may be just fortuitous associations in which background objects are close in the sky to a foreground galaxy, although the statistical mean correlations remain to be explained and some lone objects have very small probabilities of being a projection of background objects.
    The sample of discordant redshift associations given in Arp's atlas is indeed quite large, and most of the objects remain to be analysed thoroughly. For about 5 years, we have been running a project to observe some of these cases in detail, and some new anomalies have been added to those already known; For instance, in some exotic configurations such as NGC 7603 or NEQ3, which can even show bridges connecting four object with very different redshifts. Not only QSOs but also emission-line galaxies in general are found to take part in this kind of event. Other cases are analyzed: MCG 7-25-46, GC 0248+430, B2 1637+29, VV172 and Stephan's Quintet.

    http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310284
    Intrinsic Redshifts in Normal Spiral Galaxies
    Authors: David G. Russell
    (Submitted on 10 Oct 2003)
    Abstract: The Tully-Fisher (TF) relation calibrated in both the B-band and the I-band indicates that (1) the redshift distribution of Virgo Cluster spirals has a morphological dependence that is inconsistent with a peculiar velocity interpretation. (2) Galaxies of morphology similar to ScI galaxies have a systematic excess redshift component relative to the redshift expected from a Hubble Constant of 72 km s-1 Mpc-1. (3) Pairs and groups of galaxies exist for which the TF relation provides excellent agreement among individual members, but for which the group redshift deviates strongly from the predictions of the Hubble Relation. It is again found that morphology plays a role as these galaxies are all of Hubble types Sbc and Sc. The overall results of this study indicate that normal Sbc and Sc galaxies have a systematic excess redshift component relative to the predictions of the standard Hubble relation assuming a Hubble Constant of 72 km s-1 Mpc-1. The excess redshifts identified in this analysis are consistent with the expectations of previous claims for non-cosmological (intrinsic) redshifts.

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  • 07-26-2008 09:16 AM In reply to

    Re: Origins of the Universe

    brooksquest: is correct, we can't know anything about the Origins of the Universe because there was never a beginning and it did never ever originate. It is infinite and has always been in existence. If this was not the case you would have to ask where did it come from and it cannot have come from anywhere otherwise you would have to ask where did that come from and so on. The question is a nonsequitur.

    Best wishes

    DM

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