By observing using the full spectrum of all sciences, we peer through obscurations to uncover a Milky Way Structure. Nature is talking to us, all we need is the sensitivity to listen. /// morbas.

Galactic Geologic Interval Theory
Abstract: Geologic Period intervals coincide with eight galactic arm intercepts of our solar orbit of the Milky Way Galaxy. Eight Periods have a continuous periodicity of 70 million years (M). The four other periods (including the Permian) are interleaved inter-arm events, where a breakdown of bio-thermal environmental balance results in significant global warming; an Arm He H2 modulation of Earth's thermal climate. This collective evidence supports a symmetrical galactic structure, and locates a (hidden) Orion symmetric sixth arm at a 213 million year ago (Ma) intercept, on our diametric side of the galaxy[ * ].
Interleaved Geologic Periods
Twelve Geologic Periods span Earth's three Major Geologic Era's of life. Eight terminate on a continuous 70M period chain with a 9M standard deviation. These Periods are Tertiary-Quaternary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Pennsylvanian, Devonian, Silurain, and Cambrian (see Table One, USGS et. al.) [19]. The interleaved Geologic Period terminators are Permian (248Ma), Mississippian (323Ma), Ordovician (443Ma) and Pre-Cambrian (543Ma). These two categories correlate geologic periods to radial Milky Way Galactic Arm expansion crossing Sol's galactic position[ * ].
Galactic Interval.
Our Milky Way Galaxy is presumed to be a symmetrical central bar arm structure, as mapped in Figure 1. This traced from figure two, a composite of research accredited to work of seventeen prominent scientists. The observable structure has a Norma Arm connected to our near side Central Bar end point. A symmetrical structure is likely on the far side. The Norma Arm splits into the Perseus Arm and Cygnus Arm. The far side splits into the Scutum-Crux Arm and Sagittarius Arms. Near side, the Orion Arm spurs from the Perseus Arm. The Orion Arm is considered a Minor or Spur Arm. On the far side then, with a dominant central bar symmetry, we should expect an equivalent spur[ * ].
At our radial distance from the Galactic Core (26,000 light years), six arms transverse our orbital path. Average Arm spacing is approximately 4,500 light years starting from the Central Bar end radius. Relative velocity of our solar system to Orion Arm gas (H2, He, CO et.al.) is 26KM/s [24] from the Solar Apex point of Vega. Very long Baseline (VLBA), hold the solar system in a nearly circular 220M (year) orbit of the Galaxy (Mark Reid, 1999). Hydrogen caused luminosity shift in red stars reveal the spiral structure [18] of distant galaxies. By example, dust flow defines our outward spiral arm structure. Using the above datum, the arm intersection rate through our orbital circle is 70My +/- 1%. This presumes a closure rate effected by our orbital rate. Incidentally, to maintain the present spiral structure, the Central Bar must orbit 147M years, 1.5 times faster than we do[ * ]. 
Geologic Correlation.
Three causes dominate the Galactic Geologic Interval, 1) Galactic Arms, 2) 62M year cycle through the Galactic Plane, and 3) a 220M year Geotectonic cycle.
Galactic Arms
Our Galactic orbit places the Sun in the six arms coincident with eight of twelve Geologic Period end/start dates. And, midway between arms on the interleaved four period's end dates. The Cambrian Extinction was Glacial, Silurian climate moderation-Odovician disputed Gamma-Ray vs. Glacial, Devonian Extinction was global cooling. The Pennsylvanian started warm and ended cold. Correlation is strong for these pairing terminators Perseus Arm with Cambrian, Orion Arm with Silurian-Ordovician, Sagittarius Arm with Devonian, Scutum-Crux with Pennsylvanian as well as the early Pennsylvanian with between arm warming. The effect also follows the Solar heating due to main sequencing particularly for the Cambrian, Ordovician and Devonian extinctions.
62M year Galactic Plane Cycle.
The interleaved Permian terminator occurred at a maximum northerly Galactic z-axis excursion coincidental to maximum distance between a spur arm (little Shaver Arm) and major Scutum-Crux Arm [22]. (See figures One and Two). This region would be at closest approach to the Gamma Ray Bow Shock of the approaching Virgo Cluster. Our Sol Heliosphere would have been pressed by this Virgo Cluster bow shock, perhaps uncovering Earth itself.
220M year Geotectonic cycle
Symmetry could exist between the Cenozoic Paleogene-Neogene division with the Ordovician-Silurian division as they occurred at almost the same point between the same two Arms, albeit 420M+/- apart. Both have 45My 25My patterns in the Paleogene-Neogene and Ordovician-Siluran interval. The 220M year Geotectonic cycle [25] cuts across our Sol orbital position at these dates.
The last interception was 30-40M years ago, during a volcanic Oligene Epoch, also in the late Eocene Epoch. During this period, Bad Lands Leptauchenia mammals evolved facial and nostrils shapes for filtering volcanic dust. The Permian Extinction was also aligned to this 220M year cycle, and volcanic winter is likely as the ocean levels plummeted in this extinction, following the Gamma Ray caused Global Therma runnaway. The Ordivician Extinction is the third Phanerozoic Eon intercept for the 220M year Geotectonic Interval, explaining this interarm extreme glacial event. The 220M year Geotectonic Interval has no known cause, it is possibly gravitational, thus deserving of a Nemesis label.
Generally
Paleontologist report cooling periods coincident with the Arms, and warming periods coincident outside of the arm positions as projected by GGIT: Triassic cooling (little Shaver arm), Jurassic cooling (Cygnus Arm), Oligene (Orion Arm) climatic cooling changes. Some paleontologist propose the Cretaceous was cooling (Perseus Arm and Deccan Volcanism), and it may have been the dominant cause except for a KT impact event. And how classic it is, with boloidal impacts scattered randomly through out the Geologic Periods. In contrast, our Galaxy appears to have been a very stable structure for the past 600M (years) to include the Orion and Shaver Spurs[ * ].
Sun driven geologic division hypothesis.
Arms have a very high probability for mass extinction events [6]. Arm dust flow modulates the solar input to Earth. Between arms, we have maximum solar input, and intergalactic cosmic ray exposure, consequential to the Permian end date. Exiting the Cygnus Arm is a Gaia transition point starting the Cambrian Period. Inside the Arms we have minimal solar input. We see period terminators exhibiting low ocean levels and some glaciating. A secondary causal is the vertical oscillation of our system resulting in a 31.5My intercept with the Galactic Plane. This appears to cause some of the deviation in the 70My average. Both of these are detectable from meteorite analysis. Each terminator may have unique direct causes, however the arm solar input is imprinted on all Period terminations. Period analysis of meteorite impacts of Figure 3, show a periodicity due to galactic plane intercepts as well as a 70M year grouping in alignment with this GGIH mapping. The meteorite periodicity analysis[ * ] indicates we have been in the next 70My threat zone (Orion Arm) for about one to two million years [10]. The Sun is a far more likely attractor of meteorite impacts than Earth. Super solar flares (Bradley E. Schaefer, January 9, 1999) erupt when debris perturbs and/or impacts the sun and opens the metallic surface. These solar events and parsec proximity supernova events generate Gamma Rays that will sweep away the Earth's Ozone [6] . A secondary OZONE depletion mechanism may be associated with increased luminosity of stars in the arms (due to hydrogen). A slight shift in the UV radiation (260nm to 300nm: Britannica Micropedea: Ozone) will cause the Ozone to grow, or alternately to be depleted [7] . Alternately, hydrogen (halogen source gases) may combine with the O3, also depleting the Ozone (8). Increased ultraviolet radiation kills all carbon-based life DNA. The Solar Flare Iron emissions are many more times deadly to life. As astronomical technology advances we also find more GL710 and multiple close intercepts with stars. Leitch & Vasisht [6] have elucidated multiple extinction direct causes. The Pre-Cambrian terminator occurred at a equivalent inter-arm solar maximum, which in concert with an increased Sun main sequenced energy output, Snowball Earth phased green[ * ]. Suffice it to say there is always multiple extinction causation, and the Sun is at the center.
Intellectual Emergence.
Extra-Terrestrial-Intellectual existence zones may be exclusive to passage of the leading edge of Galactic Arms. As during this transition, established dominance is upset We were approaching the Orion Arm coincident to the Quaternary Period when Homo erectus emerged, giving rise to Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens. Geologic Periods begin and end, some with a whimper, and sometimes accentuated with a bang. In a hostile environment, with natural shelter more plentiful for the small, the larger life forms are disproportionately suppressed. When muscular dominance is suppressed or extinguished, intellectual tendency is allowed to flourish. Similar to Homo Erectus emergence, some paleontologists have suggested an emerging dinosaur intelligence. This emergence would be possible if the larger dinosaurs were at an end of their epoch as the Earth cooled[ * ]. At a later time, the Mesozoic Period (intelligence) was extinguished through ozone depletion, and or a KT event at the Yucatan Peninsula.
Epilogue.
Multiple threats found in the Galactic Arms are causal to Period transitions in concert with Galactic Arm gas flow. The eight contiguous period geologic end dates occur in the arms; the four discontinuous geologic end dates occur between the arms[ * ]. The present position of the solar system is within the outside half of the Orion spiral arm, 3/5th from the Milky Way Galaxy center (Figure Two). The Tertiary Period ended, and the Quaternary Period began 2Ma, in coincidence with the leading edge of the Orion spiral arm. We are at the edge of a 70M Galactic Geological Period. Assuming the next Major Geological Galactic Period is within maximum deviation limits recorded, statistically, it is certain to occur within the next 8M (million years). MOShaver

Edited 25Nov2007. Changes are underlined.

In order to maintain a presentation continuity, I have commented in the references the relevancy and contradictions relative to this hypothesis. If I have somehow misrepresented these references, I will respond to any inquiry to resolve such issues. morbas

PS: I have not received any source reference issues at present date.

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References:

[1] Paleoclimates and Mass Extinction's: Donald L. Blanchard

http://webspinners.com/dlblanc/climate/timechrt.php. From 300Ma to 500Ma about 22 epochs occurred. Compared to present through 200 Ma, about 11 epochs occurred. This rate also holds for the last 250M. Epochs have significance to localized competitive extinction's, climatic changes are important. It is interesting to note that the number of extinction's is related, five in the 300Ma through 500Ma, as compared to two or three in the last 220M. But I think Blanc has missed some extinction, however his article needs updating, as his model of the Galaxy is not correct to present mappings.

[2] When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time by Michael J. Benton, Thames and Hudson, London, 2003

[3] These are estimates based on Galaxy Structure accredited to seventeen scientists 1958 through 2001: Oort, Kerr, Westerhout, Yvonne, Georgelin, Taylor, Cordes, Vallee, Blitz, Spergel, Corredoire, Hammersley, Garzon, Lavers, Rodirquez, Schulthesis and Mahoney. This diagram was modified (and rotated 180 degrees) and a Geologic Period overlay added to show the synchronous intercept of the arms and the Period termimators.

[4] William Herschel, 1783. On the Solar Apex Peculiar Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. F. R. S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. LXXIII (73), p. 247-283.

(In 1783, Herschel published his observations leading to the discovery of the Solar Motion. He determined that our solar system is moving between the neighboring stars in the direction of the star Lambda Herculis; he introduced the term Solar Apex for this direction (W.H. 1783). ) Herschel picked these stars because they were variable, behaving differently than other stars. Inadvertently, he picked Old Blue Giants, typically having highly elliptical paths. By accident he classified the star type that exist in a spiral structure (morbas).

[5] Britannica Macropaedea 'Galaxies': variation in stellar density; variation of star density with Z-axis; stellar motions; stream motion.

[6] Leitch & Vasisht, 1997, Mass Extinctions and the sun's encounters with spiral arms; New Astronomy 3 (1998) 51-56. They derived the 140M year arm interception interval from multiple papers on possible Galactic Arm dynamics. More recent measurements of CO dust flow supported their four arm galactic structure, but added a fifth arm (ORION) at our present location. Further measurements of flow rate revealed arm movement rates of 26KM/s. These confirmed these GGIH associations of an interception rate of 74M years (morbas).

[7] News@Nature (11 Feb 2002) Exploding star strafed Earth; two million years ago. The supernova could have strafed the Earth's atmosphere with cosmic rays, severely damaging the ozone layer and exposing living organisms to high levels of the Sun's hazardous ultraviolet rays...

Ozone is created by 260nm Sunlight out of oxygen. Ozone is depleted by 300nm Sunlight out of oxygen. The amount of Ozone per unit spherical surface area is about 5mm of gas at one atmosphere. Britannica Micropedea:

[9] OzoneNews@Nature, 9 June 2003: Hydrogen fuel could widen ozone hole. "Leaks from its production and transport could...worsen ozone depletion". Philip Ball.

---------------------------------------------

Table One; A 70my periodicity exists (among the noise) with a standard deviation of 9M.

Periods	GSoA	USGS-ICS
Cenozoic(1)	present	present
Cretaceous	66Ma	65Ma
Jurassic	144Ma	144Ma
Triassic	206Ma	206Ma
Carboniferous(2)	290Ma	290Ma
Devonian	354Ma	354Ma
Silurian	417Ma	417Ma
Cambrian	490Ma	490Ma
Mean Delta	70M	70M
Std Dev	9M	9M

FN

a) Cenozoic is a grouping of Quaternary and Tertiary periods.

b) USGS

c) Carboniferous period consists of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Epochs.

d) M=Million Years, Ma=Million Years Ago.

e) You may find references to 74M period. The Geologic divisions are changed due to better dating technologies. I have taken the approach of immediate compliance.

[10] Sylvia & Stephen Czerkasm, "Dinosaurs a Global View", ISBN 0-7924-5606-8, Mallard Press

[11] Mass extinction's homepage.

[12]  Gamma Ray Extinction Ozone Depletion argument, Adrian L. Melott, University of Kansas.

LEFT CLICK ON THE MAP TO UNFOLD

Second largest extinction, two galactic orbits ago (440mya), Orion Arm Intercept; Ordovician Extinction (See Figure Two.).

[13] Mysteries of Galaxy Spirals Jack Lucentini; Sep 2002 Sky and Telescope.

Britannica Macropedea: Galaxy

[14] Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC): ), 01 August 2001:Stormy Space Weather Takes Toll on Ozone.

[15] CNN - Sun-like stars said to emit superflares - January 8, 1999

Sun-like stars said to emit superflares Energy outbursts powerful enough to fry planets January 9, 1999 Web posted at 9:23 a.m. EST The sun AUSTIN, Texas (AP)

[16] Hydrogen ions from Sun Flare destroy the OZONE (NASA). For a definitive analysis of the OZONE chemistry go to:

[17] Comet Storm a Coming? Astronomy July 2005, pp45:R.Talcoff. Five Suns will be in close proximity, Gliese (GL710) will pass through the Ort Cloud in 1.36my. (Proxima and Alpha Centari 27ky, Barnard's Star 9.7ky, Sirius 66ky) ky=1,000 years, my=1,000,000 years. If any of these stars have an equivalent ORT Cloud, then they will also penetrate the ORT Cloud. Barnard's Star in about 9,000y, and Alpha Centauri/Proxima pair 27,000y. Lalande21185 will be at ORT to ORT threshold in 20,000y. So we need to study these.

[18]

Mouse Left click on image to unfold.

The little white dot is the Sun's location (mid-lower center), on the ORION Arm segment.

Reference: http://www.ldps.ws/Mirror/Universe

The link indicates the scientists and reasoning of the above Galaxy Map. The sight has a zoom factor that extends out to the structure of Galaxies, and into our nearest stars.

[19]Galactical Genesis(c)JUL, 2003, Shaver, . The paper indicates a 73.3my interval for seven periods, extrapolating the four that do not fit correlate to plate tectonic land mass configurations. Correlation with Galactic Arms interceptions is proposed. During this GGIH paper review, four periods are associated with mid arm galactic environments of increased solar energy (morbas).

[20] Meteorite impact datum,

( http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/CINameSort.html ) Preliminary Results: Two mathematical intervals of significant meteorite energy sums, 1) 30M in resonance with Solar system Galactic Plane intercepts, 2) a 74M in proposed Solar system intercept resonance with the Galactic Arms. Proportionality is given by Volumn=Energy^0.849 in cratering. Since we are only interested in relative energy, simplified true proportionally is R^3.5<=>E. This is a raw analysis, showing that a periodicity does mathematically exist. Statistical significance is not claimed.(morbas)

[21]Sun solar hydrogen solar wind content is: "Escape of excess H+ that survives the upward journey in the solar wind 3 x 1043 H+/year depart in the solar wind (100% SW)". Reference: 'An Iron-Rich SUN and its Source of Energy'

O. Manuel‡ and A. Katragada

[22] See Permian Correlation section page 7 below.

--------------------------------------------------

Follow this link to the Milky Way Galaxy.

http://www.ldps.ws/Mirror/Universe/milkyway.html

This projection of the Galaxy assumes a symmetrical structure, with an inside split of the sixth arm from the Scutum-Crux Arm. This far side arm cannot be seen from our vantagepoint. This theory lends credence to its exact location.

-----------------------------------------------------

Also another link:

http://www.ldps.ws/Mirror/Universe/galaxy.html

Notice that six arms pass through the solar system orbit of the Galaxy. (Five of these are named). The four-arm structure the scientists indicate are the major arms. However, each of the six arms have stars that will supernova, each just a deadly to life forms. The unnamed (shaver) sixth arm is symmetrical to the Orion Arm (a segment) we are presently passing through. Betelgeuse is a close neighbor in the ORION arm.

[23] Dinosaur FineBone Structure

high metabolic rate (endotherms) - many blood vessels in bone low metabolic rate (ectotherms) - few blood vessels in bone

[24] Frisch, P.R Solar Journey:The Significance of our Galactic Environment for the Heliosphere and Earth, 2006 ISBN-10-4020-4397-X. pp 55 et al. (Witt, 2004 Ulysses GAS instrument) et al.

[25] Kvet, Complete Periodic Geologic Time Table; Czech Academy of Sciences; GEO Journal 24.2 417-420; c 1991.

[26] Prothero, 'After the Dinosaurs The Age of Mammals' Indiana University Press, 13:978-0-253-34733 c 2006.

 

Mouse Left click on maps to unfold.

 

Figure One 

 

Figure Two needs updates for Silurian/Ordivician Terminator

Figure Two 

reference

http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/milkyway.html

http://www.ldps.ws/Mirror/Universe/milkyway.html

 

 

QUOTE: Originally posted by Astroceltica


Well, I have just a few thoughts really.
1) If this is really a scientific paper, where was it published? Please site the journal and year when it was or will be published?

2) "Each arm has significant space mass for causing abnormal Sun Solar activity" How exactly does that happen? Are we to assume that the Sun accretes so much mass that it somehow alters the rate at which nuclear fusion occurs? I think this assertion is suspicious.

3) My sources show that these geological periods are not nearly as regular as claimed. For example, the tertiary period last from 65-3.5 MYA, yielding a span not 72(+/-) 4 MY; but 63 MY, or 72 (+/-) 9 MY. The Jurassic lasts from 146-195 MY, spanning 49 MY, or 72 (+/-) 25 MY. The periods arent NEARLY as regular as claimed.

4) "Massive stars (40-50 solar masses) have highly elliptical paths imparted from the hydrogen momentum they are made from." This is a bogus claim, who has heard of hydrogen momentum?

5) Instead of reading books with unsubstantiated hypotheses, try reading a real scientifc paper. A good treatment of this subject can be found using:

Rampino M. R., Haggerty B. M., and Pagano T. C. “A Unified Theory of Impact Crises and Mass Extinctions: Quantitative Tests.” Annals New York Academy of Science, 1997.

Astroceltica

1) The Journal route has shown no promising outlet. But I will continue one at a time. They charge the author to print it (hundreds)

Perhaps I will write a book. A short paper back one so anybody can affordably get access to information.

2) "Each arm has significant space mass for causing abnormal Sun Solar activity"
2.a) Arms are areas of relatively high supernova debris. This is causual, the Arms are caused by massive super stars debri(s) that aggregate hydrgen inflow.
2.b) Recent articles by NASA indicate a 20% solar influx decrease to Earth. This conteracted an increase in green house gas. The Northern Hemisphere was fortunate as on this 13,000 period, our present winter was at Earth SUN perihelion alignment. Of course the Southern Hemisphere summer is at worse case alignment. Hmmm, drought in Africa.
2.c) Massive super stars burn fast, and supernova in the end. So the arm has debris. If you can, get a copy of Leitch & Vasisht 'Mass Extincitons and the Sun's encounters with Spiral Arms'. They derive the odds of extinctions due to Arm Encounters as nearly unity. The Galactic Geologic Interval Hypothesis indicates a Geologic Interval level transisiton at every SUN ARM intercept. For one period to start another must end. This implies an extinction, but does not specify a type or sequence. I think evidence supports an extinction process of SuperNova driven OZONE depletion (in concert with the SUN), then some million years later, a high probability period of an Asteroid Strike. If you think about it, the SUN is a big target (compared to Earth) and may harbor the cause when hit by planetary sized asteroids.
2.d) Super Nova events generate Gamma Rays, Gamma Rays eliminate OZONE UV shielding. Some evidence indicate mass extinctions pulsate over a period of million years (Permian extinction). This is a Geologically short time span. You must also scale the sensitivity to this effect to the age of the recorded extinctions and the intensity of study.
3) Geologic Period Table has been inserted above into Table One. This is from the USGS, the Canadian Museum and the GSofA Reference. The periods shown have a consistant periodicity. Intermediate extinctions do happen. Extinctions have many causes. A periodicity exists (among the noise) with a standard deviation of 4my. Data derived from ancillary causes is typically random. The 74my periods appear to be consistent. Even the three exceptions have a 74my thread between themselves. These events happened more than one SUN-Galaxy orbital ago. Did I make a statistic miscalculation?

 

Canadian Geologic Timescale.

You may be looking exclusively at the GSofA 1999 Geologic Time Scale. I realized this 2006MAR24. Thanks for your critique, did I find your source correctly?

The Sun is a far greater target for asteroids than Earth. KT like events are only ancillary to the extinction process caused by the Sun Xray and propsed UV spectrum shift, causing depletion cycles in the OZONE.
4)Yes, look into Britannica Macropedea: Galaxy. The Blue (High Z axis displaced, massive stars) have 'highly' elliptical paths. By mass, hydrogen is 90% of the Milkyway Galaxy so most of the Galaxy's momentum is hydrogen mass.
5)The most notable book was 'When Life Nearly Died' the Permian extinction. A valuable reference. This analysis came to no conclusion. Were they to concerned with the nitty details? They should have found the 74M thread across the archives of many the periods begining with the end of the Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian Periods. Must be my engineering with phase locked loops that filtered out the out of band noise. This is based on a correlation with the star movement and the arm distances to find the same 74my interval between arms that is synchronous. And, that we may locate the sixth arm at 213mya intercept. We cannot see this arm, but because two sciences were merged we may say with some certainty there it is.

This hypothesis proposes that the Earth Asteroid Factor is ancillary to the process. An SUN planetary asteroid strike causality seems more probable to me than an Earth strike. I think that if we look more deeply into the interval transitions, a pattern of ICE AGE (Ozone initiated) initialiy ends an interval. Then, sometime later, as the Supernova debris finds it's way across the voids of space, a secondary extermination may occurr. "A Unified Theory of Impact Crises and Mass Extinctions: Quantitative Tests.” supports my argument that an Asteroid basis shows no periodicity.

Thanks for your response.
------------------26 Feb 2005 --------------------------
Detailed chart of many extinctions, major and minor.
http://webspinners.com/dlblanc/climate/timechrt.php
Interesting how they coincide with Geologic Epochs. This chart was created to support climate controlled Geologic Intervals. Notice two supporting observations: 1) the frequency of the epochs increases during the Paleozoic Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississipian, Devonian and Silurian Periods. Is this indicative of a era of increased hydrogen inflow, producing more arm structure in the Galaxy? And 2), We know that the Permian extinction consisted of three extinctions within a one millian year interval. So the resolution of this chart does not refute the parsec proximity supernova sequencing we sense with the Permian Extinction 30%, 90%, 53% event levels within a span of less then 1my.

Edited 17JULY2005

Originally posted by cuff:
Although some of the points made in the original post are open to debate, they are based on widely held scientific evidence that the sun does revolve around the galaxy every 220 million years AND that during its journey it moves through several spiral arms. This is based on the theory first hypothesised in the 1950s and expanded on by MITs CC Lin and Frank Shu in the 1960s. The spiral arms are density waves, and these waves are "moving zones of compression, areas where matter is more tightly packed than in the surroundings. The compaction moves independently of the matter." (quote from article in September 2002 edition of Sky and Telescope, p38). The article makes interesting reading.
This is a summary of the main points in the article:
http://www.cascadia.ctc.edu/facultyweb/instructors/jvanleer/MTPE/Article%20analysis%20example%202.htm

Here is a simple analogy of the density wave theory:
http://astronomy.nju.edu.cn/astron/AT3/IN2302.HTM

--------------------
jerryclick: I do not have library privileges, can you retrieve this article:
News@Nature, 9 June 2003: Hydrogen fuel could widen ozone hole. "Leaks from its production and transport could...worsen ozone depletion". Philip Ball
I just don't think this article is worth $200 .

Originally posted by jerryclick

For some scientific papers, including Doctorate Dissertations, might I suggest http://proquest.com Very good reference, all papers have biblios and references cited that one can use for independent research.
NOTE: You may be asked to pay to join (I don't know for sure, I use my Wash State U logonid to access)
-----------------------------------------------
Posted by MORBAS:
As an aggregate of debris, hydrogen and stars,
The Mikyway Galaxy is a Galactic Kaleidoscopic
an improbable causual process for intelligent life.

QUOTE: Originally posted by morbas
Moderator, I would like another option to using quotes to discuss ideas at this level.
Is it possible to open two way discussion reply entries?

I'm not sure I understand what you're asking.

You could email Jeremy to find out if there are other quote options available. I'm not aware of any, but I am only familiar with this software (Snitz) as a user, not an administrator.

QUOTE: Originally posted by chipdatajeffB

QUOTE: Originally posted by morbas
Moderator, I would like another option to using quotes to discuss ideas at this level.
Is it possible to open two way discussion reply entries?

I'm not sure I understand what you're asking.

You could email Jeremy to find out if there are other quote options available. I'm not aware of any, but I am only familiar with this software (Snitz) as a user, not an administrator.

OK, now I think I understand. The protocol in these Forums is that a Member can edit only those posts that specific member has originated. Members are not allowed to edit Topics.

When you use the Quote option to reply to a post, the software copies all of the quoted post into the window and you can edit the quote without changing the original post. That is, the member who used the Quote option can edit only that portion of the original post that appears in his quoted reply.

A Member who originates a topic does not have any other ability to edit Replies that follow in the topic.

However well-intentioned a member might be in editing the work of another member, it is quite likely that some members whose posts were edited would be offended. The protocol here on the Forums therefore restricts editing so as to avoid such situations.

 

QUOTE: Originally posted by morbas


Ozone is created by 260nm Sun light out of oxygen. Ozone is depleted by 300nm Sun light out of oxygen. The amount of Ozone per unit spherical surface area is about 5mm of gas at one atmosphere.

I would propose that NASA sponsor a satellite to measure the the UV sprectrum of stars residing inside and outside the Orion Arm. If this data doesnot exist.

The NASA web sight apparently has a compilation of all the satellite data over the last 30 years. Does anybody know if data UV spectrum was collected for stars inside and outside the Orion Arm and with which satellite(s) it was collected?

QUOTE: Originally posted by morbas


Galactic Geologic Interval stuff...is apparenltly a 72my interval. The 26,000 year ice age stuff looks like the 26,000 year orbital precession of Earth and Sun for worst case winter intercpts in the Northern Hemisphere. The 32my extinction interval that doesnot always happen, (Permian being the last one of a set) looks like half the 72my travel from arm to arm. Permian happened over one Galactic Orbit in the past. Perhaps hydrogen clouds were running through the arms enough to generate another set of arms we do not see today. So the six arms we beleive exist, and three more arms may be dynamic to the conditions.

So lets put label on these intermittant arms. a) Permian(248mya), b) Mississippian(320mya), and c) Silurian(408mya). 


 

QUOTE: Originally posted by morbas

I did not want to edit anothers input. But with this quote mecahism, I certainly can change the text.

ALl I want to do is insert a reply directly after an entry. Sometime, multiple entries are made before I can reply.

Sorry for the misunderstanding.

No, there isn't a way to do what you want. I'm not sure even an Administrator can do that. I know that Moderators can't.

The only way I know to ensure your reply is in context is to use the Quote option for replying. That's a bit tedious if the post you are replying to already has one or more quotes in it, but that's the only way I see to do it.

Edits:
26 Feb 2005: Entry 09 Dec 2005 Astroceltica response; edited to include Paleoclimates and Mass Extinctions chart link.
27 Feb 2005: First two section edited to correct reference numbering.
28Feb 2005: A poll has been set up to register the quality of this article. Response would be appreciated.
2 Mar 2005: Extensively editied for clarity. Also, the Herschel reference has been appended with the star type classification he used for the Apex Point. The poll has been reset.

05 Mar: Include link to Paleoclimates and Mass Extinctions chart. And various other spelling corrections.

12 June 2005. The Milky Way Galaxy is posted in the following posts on this page.

2005 October 13: Minor Edits to reference [18], pointing out the SUN location in the Galaxy.

QUOTE: Originally posted by MaddCow

QUOTE: Originally posted by Dan-NGC1271

I understand what the author is trying to convey, however as a geologist / paleontologist I see no direct evidence to support it at this time. *I should note that I have not spent a lot of time on this subject.

Astronomically, there also is no evidence for this "hypothesis". Professional astronomers say that due to a fortuitous chance, we are located at just the right distance from the Milky Way's center that we almost never pass through the spiral arms (orbital speed of the sun= speed of the spiral arm density waves at this radius). The very fact that the Earth never passes through our galaxy's spiral arms is probably why we are here in the first place.

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Supporting Evidence is given in the article !
This evidence is published throughout the web, links are given for your evaluation.
The Hypothesis is based on the observation that the Hydrogen Outflow defines arm structure:1) The red/yellow dwarf star distribution is fairly even in the Galactic Plane. Hydrogen inflow regions cause these stars to have a slightly higher luminance. 2) Massive Blue stars have highly elliptical paths, and these are the stars that define the arms (define/compress hydrogen inflow). 3) Assertion: The arms expand relative to our orbital due to the outward bound part of the ellipsoid, at the rate of 20KM/s (Herschel observation on variable Stars).

This is a preponderance of evidence proof, since verifying the hypothesis requires correlating all known evidence; testing is impossible

--------edited 11MAR2006-------------------------------------

Found references indicating hydrogen stream is an outflow process at about 26KM/Sec. My conjecture is that stars emit vast amounts ot neutrons as they burn. WIth a half life of 12 minutes, they decay into protons (and other particles), which creates an outward hydrogen gas flow (from the Central BAR).

You should find this very interesting:

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7083125/

It's about the possiblity that mass extinctions are tied to the passage of the solar system through giant clouds in the galactic arms. Just posted today.

QUOTE: Originally posted by chipdatajeffB

You should find this very interesting:

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7083125/

It's about the possiblity that mass extinctions are tied to the passage of the solar system through giant clouds in the galactic arms. Just posted today.

It has been known for a long time that the passage of the solar system through a nebula could be very destructive to the biosphere.
The challenge has always been being able to actually tie a mass extinction to such a nebular passage- there are so many ways in which mass extinctions can be triggered.
The only real interesting thing I find in the article is the proposed way of measuring uranium isotope ratios to determine if the extinction was actually caused by a nebula.

Originally posted by MaddCow It has been known for a long time that the passage of the solar system through a nebula could be very destructive to the biosphere. The challenge has always been being able to actually tie a mass extinction to such a nebular passage- there are so many ways in which mass extinctions can be triggered. The only real interesting thing I find in the article is the proposed way of measuring uranium isotope ratios to determine if the extinction was actually caused by a nebula.

chipdatajeffB & MaddCow
Thankyou for supportive references:

Alone with the observations of Blanchard (reference one) supporting an increase in epochs, and with the latest article Astronomy Articles on hydrogen pockets closing in on our galaxy, I think collaboring evidence exists for an Era of dynamic arm formation perhaps starting Silurian(408mya) and ending about the time of the Permian(248mya) extinction. 

Astronomy
So scientists are getting around to supporting the Galactic Geologic Interval Hypothesis posted here. It is based on published papers, just organizes it over a long time frame. Astronomy Magazine has an opportunity to break the news, and what does it do? This article is all of six pages of microsoft text, perhaps a half page in the journal. You could present it as a letter to the editor to escape peer judgment.

edited 2006MAR25

I agree! This topic is a wonderful exercise in astrophysics and to bring up the Bible is in bad taste.
I personally believe in God, but if you want someone to listen to you, consideration must be given to the audience.
A bully is still a bully, Bible or not.
Jesus would not have approved.
Clear Skies --- Silveradogold

Ophiucus Constellation Attacks

Two of the stars are from Ophiucus 1)Gleise710 and 2)Barnard's Star vicinity of M4. Alpha Centauri in the vicinity?

Sirius is near M41, vicinity of Betelgeuse.

Have not found Lalande 21185 yet. (Ursa Major)

"Moving perpendicular to the galactic plane at a fast velocity of 47 km/sec, Lalande 21185 appears to belong to the our Milky Way galaxy's "thick disk," which has a mean thickness of 3,500 ly. Most thick disk stars are old and move rapidly within 5,000 ly of the galactic plane in considerably eccentric orbits. Their abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen ("metals") typically ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 of Sol's (with a mean of 0.3)."

If all these stars custer in the direction of the Galactic Center.....you will never hear the end of this from me.

Don't diss the bifocals man, they had nothing to do with this, lol.

Let us not completely hold religion from participating in this topic (even if it has not participated yet) because someone just may have something to say that deals with religion and their viewpoint for or against this topic.

Let us all move on and not take many things to offense unless further unneccessary conflict is introduced.

Good day.

, marsbound2024

QUOTE: Originally posted by Nature Magazine has posted an manuscript the 62my question.


With the posthumously published A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera, Jack Sepkoski initiated a new wave in palaeontology: the exploration of major patterns in the history of life as recorded by compilations of taxonomic data. This database, which records first and last stratigraphic appearances of over 36,000 marine genera, has been reanalysed in the light of the latest stratigraphic time scales, and a previously unrecognized 62-million-year cycle in the diversity of fossil genera emerges. As yet there is no explanation, but various models involving climate, environment, geological and astrophysical factors should provide testable predictions to help solve the mystery.

Does anybody out there get this magazine?
I would like to know the period of time they measured this over.
They are getting close to the 72my for us land lubbers.
--------------------13 MARCH 2005------------------
My couriosity got the better of me, so I acquired a copy.
NATURE Magazine 10MAR2005
"The 62-MYR cycle is strong. It might be ....a variation in the integrity of the fossil record...it is worth considering geophysical processes."
They discard the sun crossing the galactic plane. They include the 140my but indicate that extinction peak is weaker than 62my. "They have found no geophysical causual significant cycles with periods of 62my or 140my." Personnaly, I would be very suspicious of a spectrum analysis with 140my peak, without a corresponding 70my peak.
I think they are so tied into data details they have failed the due diligence (this Hypothesis was sent to them late January), Reasonableness (three extinctions have suspicious offsets (Permian(248mya), Mississippian(320mya), and Silurian(408mya), the Precambrian Cambrian has recently changed by -5mya, and Ockham's Razor test (this Hypothesis explains these anomalities). I give then a D- perhaps a D at best because of presentation,
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Also, look at this reference also posted in my article. Link posted below for your convenience.

[1] Paleoclimates and Mass Extinctions: Donald L. Blanchard
http://webspinners.com/dlblanc/climate/timechrt.php

All those epochs (and more) are used to generate the statistics they use to compute peaks. Among all those, many false peaks can be found that work over a small period of time. They admit the accuracy is subject to field measurement error. They dismiss asterioid driven cycles, sun galactic plane passage (oscilliation), and 140my arm intercepts, passing stars and short period companions. Well folks guess there is little left but yours truly.

This in my opinion.
MORBAS

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I am so pleased with your response mr_magazine(thanks), . So. lets close off these off topic entries maddcow (thanks), marsbound2024, and Silveradogold. I am most appreciative.

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Astronomy Magazine July 2005 Dark Threat Bruce Dominey. Probability for the Nemesis Star has been reduced by Colonese 2MASS search program. One alternate hypothesis dies.

GL710 will pass through the ORT cloud in 1.36my (million years); Astronomy July 2005 "Comet Storm A'Coming" pp43. The GGI-H is based on a standard deviation +/-4my, which calculates a Geologic Period Transition within the next 8my. A bit early, but within the GGI-H standard deviation. I hope technology is at a high enough level to intercept 2.5 million comets, as proposed in the article. However, if GL710 has an ORT Cloud then any threat level we perceive from our own Ort Cloud is magnitude(s) low.

Earth's fossil record chart so brazenly shown, has peaks on about 74My intervals. The most left hand peak is the Permian, an off cycle extinction. Notice the left two non peaks at the suggested 32my intervals.

Below is the chart argued to show a 26My periodicity in extinctions. As indicated in the Canada Museum web page, this is theory that supports astronomical causation. Hmm, 3x26=74+4. Close enough. I could not find a larger chart....see

http://parallel.park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/introk.html

For one geologic period to begin, one must end. This is not necessarily a global catastrophic extinction, but a species level one for certain. So scaling intervals to the Geologic Periods makes a nice correlation. It just so happens that a correlation exists with the APEX POINT stars rate of travel and the ARM to ARM spacing. It just so happens that the hydrogen outlfow is 26KM/sec, same as the APEX star group. It just so happens that a majority set of Geologic Periods have a 74My interval, spanning back to Cambrian. It just so happens that were are entering the ORION ARM, and all the intervals are so in phase.  This represents a correlation.

See  http://imnh.isu.edu/geo_time/geo_chart.htm for a better understanding of geologic divisions.

IMPACT ZONE, Accord Pub Desk Calendar. Manicougan Reservior Quebec Canada 60mi Crater, 210 to 230 Ma(million years ago). . It approximates with the projected sixth arm location. Divisible from present by 74my (3x). The web sight indicates the impact time is 214+/-1My. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicouagan_Reservoir.

Per several reputable sources this is the Triassic terminator date 213My. However, it is not a Yucatan class impact, perhaps only contributory/ indicative of the end of the Triassic Period.

Manicougan Reservior Quebec Canada

Editied 11MAR2006

I still haven't made my self clear I suppose. I'm not trying to prove the Bible correct. At best it was a random thought. We all know that clothes never come clean without aggitation. I always thought the best theories were proven by the process of elimination, but doing so in this scenario (using religion as an element), causes to much frustration.
Has anyone heard of the Hubble being used for this type of research for this specific point of knowledge?
What are the correct values for:
1. Diameter of our galaxy
2. Speed / Direction of Sun Through space in relation to the Galactic Plane
3.Distance of nearest stars following a simular "route" as our Sun
4.Projected values of "gas clouds" i.e. lifespan, density, elements, size, location
I think my point is that if the galaxy is roughly 100mly wide ( not sure) and roughly 320mly in circumfrence and our solar system ''orbits'' the galactic center at 200kilo/sec?? (4,000,000,000 miles per year on the orbital trajectory) x 80 my , then in 80 my we traveled 1 / 5500 th of the way around this giant swirlling bowl of masses rendering Hubble entirely able to witness any large objects entering or exiting one of these "clouds of gas'' and the affects thereof. Am I missing something? Has this already been considered?