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bertoleo
 - Joined on 01-21-2005
- UK
- Posts 17
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The Essence and Vigour of the BraneSphere: Theory
A few years ago I posted a theory of the cosmos called 'unitronic theory' - which received mixed reviews. I don't claim to be a physicist, just a keen amateur and author. I have been working on an update to my previous thesis - now renamed BraneSphere Theory. Please digest at your leisure and fire constructive criticism my way.
Leo H What was there in the beginning? Before the Big Bang? Conventional science states that there was no ‘before’ as time is an integral part of the Universe and only started at the same ‘instant’ as space did, over 13 billion Earth years ago. Newer theories have postulated that our universe is just one of many in a multiverse of universes, and that each universe is just a ‘membrane’ or ‘brane’ with the Big Bang merely the most recent time two of the ‘branes touched, causing ripples on their surface – that we observe as the expansion of our universe. I feel that we are observing the Universe the wrong way. Current popular images are that we should think of ourselves at the centre of the observable cosmos, and in every direction we look, things are expanding away at great (and some would say accelerating) speeds. Perhaps we should visualise the Universe as an expanding bubble or membrane sphere (Branesphere), with the surface membrane containing the whole of three dimensional SPACE, compacted into the horizontal plane. The radius of the expanding sphere is therefore TIME. The further we look into space, the further back in time we are observing – and the deeper into the centre of the Branesphere we stare. If we could peer far enough, we would see close to the Big Bang itself. This would be the centre or core of the Branesphere! However, in order to gaze into the past in this way, we can only observe those parts of the cosmos sufficiently far away to allow ancient light to reach us. Things close up, such as the Earth itself, our house, the hand in front of our face, are so close that the light reaches us practically instantaneously. There is no ‘beyond’ the outside of the Branesphere. The further you travel in any of the three dimensions in the Universe, you will only be flying within the horizontal surface membrane and if you travel far enough and for long enough, you will eventually come back to where you started, but a long time in the future because the Branesphere will have expanded by the time you return – even if you travel at the speed of light.We must stress the point that horizontal surface area of the Branesphere (the skin of the bubble so to speak) contains the WHOLE of the three dimensional SPACE. The three standard dimensions have become ‘folded’ or ‘compacted’. Up, down, sideways – all of this is contained within the surface membrane and are all relative. The three traditional dimensions lose their logical meaning because the observer only experiences the surface of the Branesphere where they are existing at any one time. It’s a bit like running on a treadmill or even a hamster ball in three dimensions (four if you include the vertical motion of time).
DARK ENERGY? So, how fast is the Universe expanding? The answer is to calculate the difference between the time it takes light from a source to reach an observer and the increase in time it then takes light from that same object to reach the same observer at a point in the observer’s future. For example, if in the year 1900 it took 400 light years for light to reach Earth from Star X, and in the year 2000 it took 401 light years, we can theorise that in an Earth century, the expansion of space between Earth and Star X is one light year (or approximately 5,900, 000,000,000 miles, 63 astronomical units or 0.31 parsecs). However, this is fraught with dangers. Different objects within the cosmos maybe moving back and forth relative to each other, but this does not necessarily reflect the expansion of the cosmos (Branesphere) itself. To get more accurate readings, it is better to use more distant objects for these calculations, meaning we should be able to discount local perturbations. Also by using very distant objects as references, for example quasar galaxies, these will be effected more by the overall expansion of the Branesphere than localised objects. However, we would need accurate observations of the light from the quasars for thousands even millions of years taken on Earth to be of any use, and knowing this is therefore effectively beyond us at present. As universally agreed, when we peer into Deep Space, we are in fact gazing back in time. We are observing the Galaxies as they were behaving millions and billions of years in the past because of the time it has taken their light to reach us. The Hubble Law states that all distant observable galaxies are accelerating away from us due to the Dopler Shift in their light. The light emitted from an object moving towards an observer will have its light shifted to the blue end of the spectrum (blue shift) whilst object moving away will shift to the red end of the spectrum (red shift). It has been found that the further an object is in the cosmos from an observer, the greater is the red shift in its light. This has been taken as proof that the expansion of the universe/cosmos/Branesphere is accelerating. The Theory of Red Shift Acceleration has begotten the idea of Dark Energy or Quintessence, an unknown force that is repelling all parts of the universe away. In Branesphere Theory, the notion is turned on its head so to speak. There is in fact, an absolute constant that the light emitted from these distant objects was done many millions, even billions of years in the past. It was therefore shifting to the red end of the spectrum earlier in the universe’s life, and may now be slowing. The light just hasn’t reached us yet. The red shift of distant quasars and super novae is in fact an optical illusion caused by the distance involved over time, and not an absolute measure of rate of expansion. Maybe the SNAP (SuperNova Acceleration Probe) satellite, soon to be launched may throw some ‘light’ on this issue. When considering what is moving, and in what direction – we need to consider ‘local’ issues. Obviously very close objects, such as your coffee mug, are neither moving towards nor away from you. Conversely, some very distant objects such as the Andromeda Galaxy, are actually rushing towards us with murderous intent, but when mapped out over the whole Branesphere – there seems to be a constant correlation between distance and red shift. The fact that this is constant has been taken that greater distance means increased acceleration. But in fact, it is the greater distance itself that causes the red shift to appear greater, as this light is older, and therefore redder. What this does show is that expansion is constant because the red shift caused by distance increases constantly in relation to the distance. This constant is the rate of expansion. The Branesphere is expanding, even if areas within its cosmological surface membrane mix and flow separately.David Wiltshire of Canterbury University (NewZealand) states that the cosmos does not have even distribution of matter, and the lumpy nature can affect gravity, and gravity can slow time according to Newton and Einstein, and this slowing of time can cause red shift to appear greater than it really is because it has allowed more ‘time’ for it to have occurred. Branesphere theory also contends that the surface membrane of the Branesphere can be less than smooth. A surface ripple will bend time up and down, and if it is in close proximity to a willing guinea-pig, someone might experience time travel forwards and backwards as the ripple wave passes over them. However, space would bend with them so they would probably not experience anything. These ripples could be created by vast outputs of shock energy (a Supernova?). If a sufficiently massive object (i.e. a powerful enough vortex or ethertrons ) exists, it can puncture through the surface of the Branesphere and in theory ‘link up’ with the far side of the cosmos. This may also be possible through large surface ripples – a cresting wave of space and time! If the wormhole closed, however, whilst you were still inside, you would be trapped in the past with no space to exist in! However, time travel is not likely because space does no longer exist in the past. Only light exists in the past. Light, because of the fundamental nature of its great speed, can penetrate the interior of the Branesphere as it expands. It can be theorised that Time is opaque when viewed close up – essentially the Earth were you are standing (i.e. when looking vertically into the centre of the Branesphere). This is why we can’t see our Earth as it was millions of years ago, and the Sun only as it was no more than eight minutes ago. However, Time is transparent when viewed horizontally. By this theory, Time is translucent by varying degrees when viewed at an angle, allowing us to see distant objects in the Branesphere, but only as they were in the past. This is related to the ‘Isosceles Cone of Vision’ or ICV. At any point on the Branesphere’s surface, the furthest point you will ever be able to see is a point quarter of the way around the circumference from the point of observation (90 degrees from perpendicular to your immediate past), or 45 degrees across Space & Time. Beyond the ICV, the light will never catch up with the observer. This could suggest that the total universe (Branesphere) is double the size of the observable universe. Perhaps the only exception to the ‘Light Only’ statement is Cosmic Microwave Background. The radiation echo from the Big Bang permeates the interior of the Branesphere, clinging like a film to the inside of the membranes surface. Its distribution may be effected by the random surface ripples created on the Branesphere by the Big Bang itself! Expansion of the Branesphere is the increase in its radius over time. Space is expanding at 2 x π (3.14159) the rate of time. This means space is having to expand more than time, so light travelling through the Branesphere will never be able to catch up with the expansion because Time has a shorter distance to travel (approximately a sixth of the expansion that light has to cover in space). The speed of time is therefore the radius of the Universe multiplied by its age. Here we have the Branesphere Expansion Paradox. If both membranes (or sides) of the Branesphere are expanding out from the core of time (Big Bang) at the speed of light, or at least the speed of time, does that mean they are moving away from each other at twice the speed of light? Is that possible? Not according to Einstein, but as these membranes are expanding over time, not within space, then this paradox should not be raised.
DARK MATTER? If we assume that the optical illusion of red shift is causing the visual acceleration of the Universe / Branesphere, but is in fact expanding at a constant rate (the speed of light) there is no need for Dark Energy or Quintessence. But what about Dark Matter? The debate is over how vast objects such as galaxies can hold their spirals in a steady rotation, as observed by Professor Rubin when Newton’s law of gravity states that the outer arms of a galaxy should move slower than the centre because of the reduced pull of gravity. There is not enough luminous matter observable to keep galaxies from flying apart and disintegrating. It has recently been discovered that at the centre of galaxies, like our own Milky Way, have massive black holes. Dark matter has been proposed as a way of endowing the outer reaches of galaxies with sufficient mass to counter balance the massive core. I fully except that there is very likely to be a lot of unseen matter in the Universe, ranging from black holes, brown dwarfs, cosmic dust and other weakly interacting massive particles – but I do not believe that there is a requirement for so much matter in the universe. Branesphere Theory states that the universe is 100% full, even empty vacuums are completely packed with an ‘Ether’. The ether is not the superstitious creation of centuries past, but totally in line with modern ‘Superstring’ theory. The entire membrane of the Branesphere – all space and time – is comprised of ‘ethertrons’. These can be subdivided into Unitrons (particles of matter – the Essence of the Branesphere) and Primatrons (particles of force and energy – the Vigour of the Branesphere). Unitrons rotate at the sub-atomic level clockwise, horizontally to the membrane plane, whereas primatrons rotate clockwise, but vertically at the sub-atomic level. In this context, vertical and horizontal must be viewed at a quantum level, in the potential 11 dimensions theorised by superstring theory – not just in the 3 dimensions of normal space. A vacuum is purely ethertrons that are not rotating. They are still there, they can’t be detected until they are ‘inspired’ into life. Opponents of Dark Matter have suggested that gravity is flexible over distance and Isaac Newton’s Gravitational Law needs altering. Branesphere Theory suggests that gravity follows a constant law on all scales (above that of quantum physics)st etc). All pieces of matter in this universe are in fact swirls / vortexes in the Branesphere’s ether. The more massive the object, the greater is the vortex. The unitrons comprising matter rotate at the quantum level and this is the seat of gravity. Gravity is a dimension (not a particle nor a true force), it is the amount of rotation of the unitrons in the ether. The more unitrons, the greater the gravitational ‘force’. But it is not a force in itself, just a distortion that can be measured. The only true forces in the universe are carried by primatrons. These are the strong & weak nuclear forces holding atoms and particles together, and electro-magnetism.Therefore under the standard model* of the universe:
Gravity = Mass divided by distance from object = Energy / C2
*(This assumes that gravity diminishes at a constant rate the further from the massive object you travel as stated by Sir Isaac Newtown, and also that Albert Einstein’s equation about the relation between mass and energy is also true.)
In Branesphere Theory, for example, a black hole singularity is a vast vortex (vast gravity = vast potential energy). If the vortex is relatively weak (i.e. not very massive) then the flow of ether will not be consumed by vortex, but just orbit it with some stray pieces of matter getting too close and being sucked in. That is why a human doesn’t suck their coffee cup in them with their own gravitational field. Whereas, light, comprised of primatronic photons, cannot escape the pull of a unitronic ‘black hole’ vortex. Equally, an overpowerful vortex of primatrons would be too powerful for the unitrons to resist. This can be demonstrated as anything from putting too much electric current into a light bulb filament to the trigger for the Big Bang itself. It is important to re-iterate the concept of primatrons and their vertical rotation. These vertical spirals are fully contained within the surface membrane of the Branesphere. They do not penetrate time on the vertical axis, as they expand with the membrane outwards at the same rate. Also, the vertical rotation is also not in the 3D space in terms of vertical as the layman would understand it, but at the quantum level (the sub-atomic particle level of the membrane – that of unitrons and primatrons). It is this latent potential energy that causes matter to be a rotating vortex in the first place. Stop it spinning and the energy is released in a vertical rotation. Energy is matter in motion and is created by the rotations of unitrons and primatrons. Therefore, to convert matter into energy, you need more energy to halt the horizontal rotation and convert it into vertical rotation. To solve the dark matter/flexible gravity debate we need to envisage the way gravity can behave differently over distances, but at a constant (not flexible rate). If all of the universe, as quantum field theory suggests(*1) , is 100% full of superstring (ethertrons); then all it is lacking is energy to set them in rotation. To create matter, unitrons rotate. To create force and energy, primatrons rotate. What causes the unitrons and primatrons to rotate in the first place is the pre-existence of nearby gravity, the distortion in the fabric of the Branesphere - all stemming from the origin of all gravity itself – the Big Bang. All matter was created at the point of the Big Bang, matter creates gravity, gravity keeps matter in motion and matter feeds energy. The uni-primatronic cycle is complete. That is why matter cannot appear out of nothing. The vacuum, however, does have potential mass and potential energy contained within it. It just needs liberating. This I theorise can be achieved by existing gravity, but only at incredible distances by super-massive structures.
Perhaps all massive objects, from galaxies and black holes downwards to you and me have an ‘Event Horizon’ at the outer limits of their gravitational field. At this point, the sudden onset of the unitronic rotational vortex will change the state from resting vacuum of ethertrons immediately into a distorted gravity field nearer the object at the centre of the vortex. This sudden onset of gravity ‘shocks’ the ether – causing the gravity to be relatively stronger than nearer to the object. An analogy could be that a passenger notices a sudden acceleration from 0 mph to 10 mph in 1 second than from 10mph to 20 mph in the next second. This is in conflict which Newton’s Law, but could be represented as a steep-sided ‘sink’ with a sharp shoulder as opposed to the Newtonian model of gravity with a smooth gradual slope towards the centre of attraction. It is the energetic ‘jolt’ of being caught in a tractor beam, so to speak. Although only a visual representation, the sudden change from motionless deep space vacuum to gravitational-field affected vacuum might be a more marked event than previously envisaged. This change may endow the deep space vacuum with the ability to repel the gravitational field, causing it to act as a giant reversed conveyor belt that pushes the outer reaches of a gravitational field and this equally balanced by an increase in gravity as the distance from the object is reduced. This only affects objects over a certain size, because of the ratio compared to the finite size of unenergetic unitrons in the vacuum. Basically, a some point the size of the unitronic spiral and its resulting gravity affects the vacuum beyond it. This is ‘Gravitational Lensing’. It is this that I believe is the elusive dark matter that keeps galaxies together. It is just a dimension of distortion, but a sharp shelf in the gravitational field.
"So, what does Branesphere Theory suggest happened before the Big Bang? What was there before the universe? Are there other universes? How and when will the universe end? The Branesphere is all we can ever know. There may be countless other bubbles like our own universe in a greater Multiverse, or as M theory suggests, they are flat membranes occupy adjacent existences in warped 5 dimnesional space in a kind of the Multiverse ‘bookshelf’ of flat universes.
The Branesphere started its expansion, which is still on-going at the speed of light, when a build up of primatronic energy became too great for the unitrons to contain. The result was a massive release of energy, driving the expansion and creating the three true forces, plus dimension of gravity as a by-product. If Branesphere Theory is to be believed, then without Dark Matter weighing and slowing the expansion down, the universe will continue to fly apart at an ever on-going but constant rate, into the abyss of the future.” Ó Leo Harris MA 2008
“Is empty space really empty? In the quantum field theories (QFT’s) which underlie modern particle physics, the notion of empty space has been replaced with that of a vacuum state, defined to be the ground (lowest energy density) state of a collection of quantum fields. A peculiar and truly quantum mechanical feature of the quantum fields is that they exhibit zero-point fluctuations everywhere in space, even in regions which are otherwise ‘empty’ (i.e. devoid of matter and radiation). These zero-point fluctuations of the quantum fields, as well as other ‘vacuum phenomena’ of quantum field theory, give rise to an enormous vacuum energy density ρvac. As we shall see,this vacuum energy density is believed to act as a contribution to the cosmological constant _ appearing in Einstein’s field equations from 1917,Rµ_ -1 2 gµ_R - _gµ_ = 8πG c4 Tµ_ (1)where Rµ_ and R refer to the curvature of spacetime, gµ_ is the metric, Tµ_ theenergy-momentum tensor, G the gravitational constant, and c the speed of light. The constant κ = 8πG/c4 is determined by the criterion that the equations should correspond to Newtonian theory in the limit for weak gravitational fields and small velocities, and this correspondence also constrains the value of _. In fact, confrontation of eq.(1) with observations shows that _ is very small: Solar system and _Symposion, Hellebækgade 27, Copenhagen N, Denmark (e-mail: rugh@symposion.dk) †Instituto de Filosof´ýa, CSIC, Calle Pinar 25, Madrid (e-mail: zink@ifs.csic.es)
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