Google will help a lot.
I'd suggest you start by reading about Comet Shoemaker/Levy 9 (how it was discovered, how long it took to understand what it was, how long it took after discovery to determine it would impact Jupiter, what role Jupiter played in keeping it out of the inner Solar System, what the actual impact scenarios were like).
Read about the life of Eugene Shoemaker (David Levy has written a great biography of Gene).
Read about how astronauts in the Apollo program were trained (largely by Gene) in geology.
Research the "geology" of asteroids -- find out how we know what we know asteroids.
Read about the NEAR mission and asteroid Eros. Read about Japan's Hayabusa mission.
Read about the real Deep Impact mission that impacted a comet.
Visit the Minor Planet Center Web site to see how asteroid and comet discoveries and orbits are reported and tracked.
Visit the SOHO image gallery and look at some of the images of comets veering around, or impacting, the Sun.
Those should give you some ideas.