How come on these nights all the stars in the general area of disturbance do not do the same?
The stars are all different, and the atmosphere is forever changing....no way to tell really, might be something to do with the wavelength of the star light and how it is absorbed by the atmosphere???
Also, does the color of a star determine what kind of sun it has?
As I mentioned earlier the color of the star (without the atmospheric disturbance, that is just the effect here on Earth) will tell you a lot, size, surface temperature, etc...
For example, I imagine from far away our sun would appear gold, and a dying sun would appear l.e.d. - white ?
Dying stars are Red - neat huh? You can search for the HR diagram and the life cycle of a star, (generalizing here...) they go from protostar, to star, to red giant, to white dwarf (some of them explode though, the bigger they are the more likely they are to supernova)
Its disappointing to learn there are mostly gas giants out there for planets, so how many sun like stars are there- and of those stars do suns most like our sun have more solid like planets?
We have an average star, so there are a fair number of them. Like I said before, I think we just haven't learned how to find terrestrial planets yet. We discover planets using secondary methods, not direct methods. We can measure the wobble of a star and know that there is something orbiting it and then calculate the mass of that something....cool huh?
Can I tell from any kind of detail like how fast it twinkles, or how long the arms of the light stretch from the center (if that makes any sense at all).
The atmosphere's twinkle has nothing to do with the star, but some stars are variable and will change brightness over time. Those variable stars are usually used to determine distances to far away galaxies because we can measure the time it takes to change brightness and classify the star as a certain type of variable star. Then we can calculate the distance based on the brightness.