I am fairly new here too, but I would guess that it takes time, money and patiences to find new objects.
He would have had to first locate a moving object using multiple images of a section of space, and after a moving object was located he would need to monitor it for a while to see where it was moving from and too, how fast, etc. Then he would need to compare that object to other known objects that are traveling in a smilar direction and speed.
If the object he was watching does not match any other cataloged objects, then it has been discovered.
The object is probably giving off a glow, or maybe even a tail which helps with classifing it as a comet.
I dont think asteroids or meteors give off a glow so they are much harder to find\track.
Like I said, I am a newbie too, but based off of what I have read this is how I understand it to work.